1.表否定的介词
against, beyond, but, except, without
2.表否定的形容词和动词
absent, deny, differ, different, fall, free, ignore, refuse, used to, reluctant, lack, want, miss
3.表否定的短语
keep…from…, protect…from…, prevent…from, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too…to…,by no means, anything but;
4.含有半否定意义的短语
barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all,
not everyone, not everything.
此外,还需要注意英语中,有些词和短语在形式上是否定结构,但其含义却是表肯定的。如:cannot but, can't help, no sooner…than, not…until, in no time, none other than, nothing but。