Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
专门化可以看作是对科学知识不断积累的一种响应。
26. prerequisite 先决条件
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.
有经验的化使得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件。
27. connotation 内涵
The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.